Poland, Kingdom. An Order Of Military Virtue, V Class Silver Cross, C.1800

(Virtuti Militari). Instituted in 1792. Type I (1792-1808), In silver with green, white and black enamels, measuring 40 mm (w) x 40.5 mm (h) inclusive of its loop suspension, chipping evident in the enamels throughout, contact marks, original ribbon, fine.

Footnote: The War Order of Virtuti Militari is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war. It was created in 1792 by Polish King Stanisław II August and is one of the oldest military decorations in the world still in use. It is awarded in five classes, either for personal heroism or, to commanders, for leadership. Some of the heroic actions recognized by an award of the Virtuti Militari are equivalent to those meriting the British Victoria Cross, the German Iron Cross, and the American Medal of Honor. Soon after its introduction, however, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was destroyed in the partitions of Poland (1795), and the partitioning powers abolished the decoration and prohibited its wearing. Since then, the award has been re-introduced, renamed and banned several times, with its fate closely reflecting the vicissitudes of the Polish people. Throughout the decoration's existence, thousands of soldiers and officers, Polish and foreign, several cities and one ship have been awarded the Virtuti Militari for valour or outstanding leadership in war. There have been no new awards since 1989.